Indian Railway Codes and Manuals-Engineering code-Chapter- 4 (IV)
CHAPTER IV
ENGINEERING SURVEY RECONNAISSANCE - PRELIMINARY AND
FINAL LOCATION SURVEYS
01. Terms of Reference. - The
Project Investigator should be supplied by the Railway Administration with
"Terms of Reference" as indicated in para 209.
402. Field Work.-In carrying out a
Reconnaissance Survey particular attention should be paid to ascertaining the
waterway required, and the best sites for stations, crossings of streams,
bridges and roads. The nature of foundation which would be required for large
bridges should be investigated and recorded. Materials and labour available in
the area covered by the Survey should be taken note of.
403. Ruling gradient and degree of
curvature for the proposed line as indicated in the "Terms of
Reference" are to be considered as broad guide-line and the survey team
should examine the question in detail taking into account the topography of the
area, the level of traffic, the speeds envisaged, the mode of traction and
above all the initial cost of construction and the unit cost of service with
different alternative, and make their own recommendations. Prior approval of
the Administration should be obtained before proceeding further with the survey
in case a change in the terms of reference is considered desirable.
404. Report.-The report submitted after
the conclusion of the survey should, as prescribed for a Feasibility Study (cf.
Paragraph 501 et seq.) It should contain a definite recommendation as to
whether from the financial point of view the prospects of the line surveyed are
such as to make it worthwhile to undertake further investigation with a view to
the construction of the project. It should be accompanied by an estimate for
the construction of the line.
405. Estimate.-The form of the estimate
and the amount of detail to be contained in it will depend on the character and
amount of the data collected, but an approximate abstract estimate of the cost
of the line surveyed in Form E. 554 accompanied by an abstract estimate of the
cost of Junction Arrangements and a detailed estmate of the cost of one
kilometre of permanent-way (Form E. 553) are essential and should be submitted
with the report. The methods by which the figures in the Abstract Estimate have
been deducted should be clearly explained in the report.
406. Maps.-The reports and estimate
should be accompanied by a map of the area on a scale of 25 Km. to 1 cm. an
index map on a scale of 2.5 Km. to 1 cm. and by an index plan and section on a
scale of 0.5 Km. to 1 cm. horizontal and 10 m. to 1 cm. vertical the proposed
route or routes being marked on them in red, and all towns and places referred
to in the report clearly shown therein.
407. Covering Note.-The report, plans and
estimates should be submitted to the Railway Board under a covering note as
prescribed in para 545.
Preliminary Survey
408. Terms of Reference.-The Project
Investigator should be supplied by the Railway Administration with the
"Terms of Reference" as indicated in para 209.
409. (i) Field Work.-The
field work of a preliminary survey should include a compass traverse along one
or more routes with such longitudinal and transverse levels as are sufficient
to prepare a "Predicted Section" of the route or routes proposed.
(ii) Where suitable aerial photographs are
available, for carrying out preliminary survey by photogrammetric techniques,
the "predicted section" of the route or routes proposed will be
determined by plotting of contoured strip maps on 1 : 10,000 scales from aerial
photographs.
Geological mapping may be done and
soil surveying by photo-interpretation of remotely sensed data.
(iii) The field work should also cover
a soil survey by sampling at suitable intervals, in order to obtain a fair idea
of the soil classification and characteristics on the proposed route/routes.
Testing of disturbed soil samples is usually adequate but Geophysical survey
may be done in rocky terrain.
410. (i) The alignment
need not be fully staked out with a theodolite, but stone pillars or other
permanent marks should be left on the ground and indicated on the plans so that
the location can be readily picked up by subsequent survey parties. Bench marks
should similarly be left at intervals of about 500 mts.
(ii) Where suitable aerial photographs are
available, for carrying out preliminary survey by photogrammetric technique, it
will suffice if centre line pillars are provided at approaches of important
bridges and portals of tunnels, important road crossings and stations sites.
Bench marks should be provided near all important bridges, tunnels sites and road
crossings. All these together with identifiable points should be indicated on
the plan so that their location can be picked by subsequent survey parties.
411. In other respects the field
work in a Preliminary Survey should approach the standards laid down for a
Final Location Survey (cf. paragraph 421 et. seq.). It will depend largely on
the nature of the country, and must always be sufficient to obtain a close
estimate of the cost of the project.
412. Report.-The report submitted on the
conclusion of the Survey should give details as in that prescribed for a Techno
Economic Survey (cf. paragraph 501 et seq.).
413. Estimate.-The report should be
accompanied by an estimate of the cost of the project surveyed. The rules laid
down for the preparation of estimates on a Final Location Survey should be
followed as closely as possible.
414. The method adopted for arriving
at the figures of cost must be clearly explained in the report.
415. An estimate prepared on a
Preliminary survey should under ordinary circumstances be sufficiently accurate
to enable the competent authority to decide whether sanction should be accorded
to the construction of the line.
416. The Railway Board may in
certain instances call for estimates on a Preliminary Survey to be submitted as
prescribed for a Final Location Survey. When such estimates have not been
called for, the estimates to be submitted on a Preliminary Survey will be those
detailed below :
·
(i) An
abstract of the cost of the line surveyed in From E. 554 accompanied by an
abstract estimate of junction arrangements.
·
(ii)
Detailed estimates on the prescribed form for the following:
Note. Classification indicated are
those corresponding to New lines and shown as example.
417. Maps & Plans. The report
and estimates should be accompanied by the same maps as for a reconnaissance
surveys and by plan and section on a scale of 0.1 Km. to 1 cm. horizontal and
10 metres to 1 cm. vertical.
418. (i) The detailed plans and
sections and other drawings, as prescribed for a Final Location Survey should
be made out with as much detail as the information obtained in the field will
allow out need not be submitted with the report and estimates unless called for
by the Railway Board.
(ii) Where, suitable-aerial
photographs are available for carrying out preliminary Survey or
photogrammetric techniques, the scale of detailed plans and sections may be 100
m. to 1 cm. Horizontal and 10 m. to 1 cm. vertical instead of 50 m. to 1 cm.
horizontal and 5 m. to 1 Centimetre vertical as prescribed in Para 452.
419. Covering Note.-The report, plans and
estimates should be submitted to the Railway Board under a Covering Note as
prescribed in para 545.
Final Location Survey
420. Terms of Reference.-The Project
Investigator should be supplied by the Railway Administration with "Terms
of Reference" as indicated in para 209.
421. Field Work.--A Final Location Survey
should be based on a good theodolite or traverse, which should approximate as
closely as possible to the centre line to be finally adopted.
422. Unless otherwise specified the
survey operations should be sufficiently comprehensive to secure the
information necessary for the preparation of the detailed plans and sections
required under paragraph 443 et seq. and, having regard to all the
circumstances of the case (including the probable working expenses), to ensure
that the alignment selected is the most economical obtainable.
423. The amount of detail in
sectioning will, to a great extent depend on the nature of the country
traversed. Gross sections should be taken wherever the Engineer considers them
necessary. The information collected during the course of the survey should be
such as will enable the preparation of a fairly accurate estimate of the cost
of the line.
424. Investigations should be made
of bunds, bunded streams and irrigation works in the vicinity of the projected
line which might affect the future safety of the line. In arriving at decision
on the waterwaysthe engineer should pay due regard to these works and consider
the alternative of altering or diverting the bunds, irrigation streams etc.,
even it would mean incurring some expenditure on such alternations, if that
would save a larger expenditure on the waterways.
425. In the case of passage through
hills, the geological characteristics of the country should be investigated by
the Engineer, particularly in respect of the probable stability of the line,
and if the importance of the work requires it, the Railway Administration
should apply for the assistance of an officer of the Geological Survey of
India.
As the method of construction of
earthwork will be dependent largely on the nature and classifications of the
soils a systematic soil sampling at suitable intervals and upto sufficient
depths depending upon the nature of terrain should also be done all along the
proposed route. Wherever borrow areas are not located along the alignment soil
samples should be collected from such places also. These samples shall then be
tested for the standard properties, bore logs prepared and the data used for
designing the profiles of the embankments and cutting foundations of important
structures as well as the method of undertaking the earthwork.
426. Notes to be Made in the
Field.-During the Survey, careful notes with dates should be made on the
ground, from personal enquiry and observation regarding any information likely
to be useful in working out the details of the project.
427. The Centre Line.--The unit of measurement
for the centre line should be the chain of 20 metres. The centre line finally
located should be marked out by pegs at every 20 metres. At each 100 metres a
large peg should be used; these 100 metres pegs should have their numbers
branded or stamped on them in figures not less than 25 mm high. The numbers
branded on the pegs should indicate hundreds of metres; thus 57 would mean a
distance of 5700 from the zero chainage.
428. Masonry pillars should be built
at the tangent points of curves and along the centre line at intervals of not
less than 500 metres.
Curves will generally be described by
their radius of curvature in metres but may also be expressed in degrees as
defined above for convenience in setting.
429. Curve.--Curves should be defined
both by their "degrees of curvature" in degrees and minutes and by
their radius in metres. The degrees of curvature should be taken as the angle
at the centre subtended by an arc of 30.5 metres in length. The radius of a 10 curve
is 1747.52, say 1750 metres; the radius of other curves may be obtained by
dividing 1750 metres by the degree of curvature.
430. The apex angle formed by the
intersections of the tangent should, if practicable, be observed if not, it
should be calculated.
431. Large pegs, distinguished in
some suitable manner from the 100 metre pegs, should be put in on the straight
at the calculated tangent length from the apex and also at the offset distance
(see paragraphs 432 and 433) measured at right angles to the tangent at this
point, from which., as a rule, the circular part of the curve is laid out.
432. Transition Curves.-Changes of
curvature (whether at the junction of a straight line with a curve or in the
middle of a compound curve) should be effected by means of "transition
curves". This entails the "offsetting" or "shifting"
inwards of circular curves pegged out primarily with a theodolite from the
tangent point mentioned in paragraph 431. See also paragraph 218.
433. The amount of "shift"
depends on the length of transition curve, which length usually depends on the
amount of cant and the distance in which it is run out. See also paragraph 218.
434. Gradients.--Gradients should be
defined by the distance in which a rise or fall of one metre occurs per 100
metres length. Thus a rising gradient of 0.5 metre in hundred metres is to be
described "Rise 1 in 200 (0.5 per cent)."
435. All lines should be graded with
due regard to the possibility of additional intermediate stations being
constructed later on.
436. Sharp changes of gradient
should be avoided, if possible on curves. All sharp changes of gradient should
be eased off by vertical curves.
437. Compensation for Curves on
Gradients.--All gradients should be compensated for curvature if the ruling
gradient would otherwise be exceeded. The compensation to be allowed should
ordinarily be 0.04 per cent degree of curvature on the 1676 mm gauge, 0.03 per
cent degree on the metre gauge, 0.02 per cent on the 762 mm gauge, and 0.015
per cent on the 610 mm gauge. Compensation should be allowed on easy curves as
well as on sharp ones.
438. Bench Marks.-Bench marks should be
left at intervals of not more than one kilometre along the line and at sites of
important bridges. In every case the position chosen for a bench mark should be
such that it can be conveniently referred to during construction and is, at the
same time, not liable to be interfered with during the progress of
construction.
439. Bench Marks should be of
such character or construction as not to be readily moved or injured by
accident or mischief. All bench marks should be so placed and marked as to be
easily identified and their correct description and location should be
recorded.
440. Datum for Levels.-The datum to which
all levels should be referred is the Mean Sea Level as adopted for the Great
Trigonometrical Survey of India. During the progress of the survey and location
of the line every opportunity should be taken to connect the levels with any
survey of India level stations in the neighbourhood, and to check the
difference between any temporary datum and Mean Sea Level.
441. Compass Bearings-The compass bearing
of each tangent should be taken at every curve in level country, and the mean
of the readings at the two ends should be recorded as the average bearing for
each straight line.
442. In hilly country where
curves are frequent it will sufficient to take such bearing at about 2 or 3
places in each kilometre.
443. Plans, Sections and Designs for
Works-A set of plans and sections for a project should consist of :-
·
(i)
General Map of the country traversed by the project scale about 25 Km. to 1 cm.
·
(ii)
Index Map, scale about 2.5 km. to 1 cm.
·
(iii)
Index Plan and Sections.
·
(iv)
Detailed Plans and Sections.
·
(v)
Plans and Cross Section.
·
(vi)
Plans of Station Yards.
·
(vii)
Detailed Drawings of Structures.
·
(viii)
Plans of Junction Arrangements.
444. As exception to this rule,
Index Plans and Sections and plans of stations may be longer than 1200 mm if
necessary, to enable all the information to be shown on one sheet. In such
cases, however the width of 840 mm should still be kept to, and the length in
excess which, however, should not exceed 1020 mm should be folded so as not to
project beyond the edges of the other sheets.
A Catalogue of maps published by the
Survey of India is obtainable from the Director, Map Publication Survey of
India, Hathibarkala Estate, Post Box No. 28, Dehradun-24800.
2. The latest information on
availability of maps and aerial photographs of the region would be available
from the concerned Regional Director of Survey of India.
445. Throughout each set of plans
and sections the kilometrage should be reckoned from the same fixed point. This
fixed point should, if practicable, be at that end which is in the direction of
the nearest sea port with which the line is in through communication by rail,
and should be clearly defined on the Index Plan and section and on at least the
first and last sheets of the Detailed Plans and sections. If the line takes off
from an existing railway station the zero point should be fixed at the centre
of the existing station yard, and when it ends at an existing station the end
of the survey should be taken as the centre of that station. Each sheet should
be plotted in the direction of the through kilometrage so the kilometrage may
be read from left to right.
446. The datum used for all plans
and sections should be Mean Sea Level, and all heights should be referred to
this datum in metres and decimals. If any other datum is adopted for temporary
use during the progress of the survey the figures referring to such temporary
datum should be reduced to Mean Sea Level before being entered on the plans and
sections.
447. On each sheet should be
noted a reference number of letter, the name of the Railway or section of
railway, the gauge and the scale. The scale may be described in works, and need
not be drawn. The magnetic north should be indicated on each map and plan by a
line not less than 150 mm. in length.
448. The Index Plan and Section
and the first and last sheets of the set of Detailed Plans and Sections should
be signed and dated by the Engineer in charge of the survey. Every sheet should
be signed and dated by the officer responsible for its preparation.
449. Index Plan and Section-The Index
Plan and Section should be drawn to a scale of 0.5 km. to a cm. horizontal and
10 metres to a cm. vertical, the plan being drawn above the section on the same
sheet.
450. The Index Plan--On the Index plan
should be shown all towns, roads, canals, rivers, hills boundaries of States
and districts within a distance of 10 kilometres on each side of the railway.
The centre line of the proposed railway should be indicated by a full red line
0.8 mm in thickness. The degree and radius of all curves should be figured. The
position of each station should be shown by a red block, the name of the
station being given. The kilometrage from the "fixed point" should be
marked and figured at every kilometre and the extent of each sheet of the
detailed plan shown. Where practicable the Index Plan should be traced from the
sheets of the Survey of India map published to a scale of 0.5 km to a cm. the
details in the immediate neighbourhood of the railway being filled in or
corrected, if necessary, from the information given by the railway survey. For
districts where a map to the scale of 0.5 km. to a cm. is not available, the
information required should be plotted to that scale from such other maps or
data as can be obtained.
451. The Index Section.-The Index Section
should show the formation level by a red line; the gradients should be figured,
and the height of formation above Mean Sea Level entered at each change of
gradient. The position of each important bridge with the name of river and
number and size of bridge spans should be indicated, also level crossings with
their classification "as special", "A", "B",
"C" or "D" class and position of each station with its name
and distance from the "fixed point". The kilometrage from the
"fixed point" should be marked and figured at every kilometre.
452. Detailed Plans and Sections.-The detailed
plans and sections should be drawn to a scale of 50 metres to a cm. horizontal,
and 5 metres to a cm. vertical, the plan in each case to be above the section
on the same sheet. 5 kilometres of line should be illustrated on each sheet,
and the divisions between the sheet in each case should be a kilometre-mark. To
admit of the sheets being readily connected, each sheet should have a skeleton
outline for a few decametres beyond the kilometre-mark at each end repeated
from the adjoining sheets on both the plan section. In difficult or mountainous
country, if the Engineer considers it necessary, the plan should be made on a
large scale, such as 25 or 10 metres to a cm.
Note. Where the State Governments have
prescribed separate scales for plans and sections in respect of acquisition of
land for railway projects, such scales should be adopted.
453. The Plan.-On the plan should be
shown in detail all features of the country within a distance of 100 metres on
each side of the centre line of railway and the boundaries of village lands.
The boundaries of different kinds of cultivation, forest, pasture, waste, etc.
should also be marked on the plan. The centre line of the proposed line should
be indicated by a full red line 0.8 mm in thickness. The position of all masonry
centreline pillars and the exact position and description of each bench-mark
should be shown.
454. In addition to the
foregoing, the following details should be shown, in so far as they lie within
a distance of 300 metres on either side of the centre line :
·
(i)
Rivers requiring a waterway of 12 metres or upwards.
·
(ii)
Important road with their bridges, culverts, and fractional kilometres-marks.
·
(iii)
Canals and large tanks, bunds, bunded-streams and irrigation works.
·
(iv)
The outlines of all towns and villages and in the case of large towns, the
important streets and thorough fares.
·
(v)
The boundaries of States, Local Administration, Divisions and District.
·
(vi)
Hill peaks and other important features of the country.
·
(vii)
Survey of India Stations.
·
(viii)
Camping grounds, rifle ranges, etc.
·
(ix)
Reserved Forests.
·
(x)
Industrial units existing and/or under construction.
455. Care should be taken to give
sufficient topographical details to exhibit the contour of the ground and to
justify the alignment selected.
456. All new works proposed for
the purposes of a new railway line or for the accommodation of the public
should be marked on the plan, also all alterations, diversions, protection
works & c., proposed in connection with existing railways, roads, rivers,
canals or tanks. The "pattern for detailed plan" given at the end of
this book should be taken as a model for this purpose.
457. In the case of a junction
with an existing railway, the plan should show the existing line for not less
than one kilometre on each side of the proposed junction, the proposed junction
arrangements and the position on all buildings, bridges, level crossings,
kilometre posts and other works on, or marked and the angle of curvature noted.
458. The Section.--On the section, the
formation level should be shown by a red line, the ground line being black. If
practicable, throughout each sheet, the ground line and formation should be
continuous, i. e., without "steps" or changes of datum; for long
length of steep ruling gradients it is advisable to incline and
"step" the datum line.
459. Two sets of heights or level
should be given (1) Height of ground above Mean Sea Level, and (2) Height of
formation above Mean Sea Level. The first set of figures showing ground level
should be the lowest in position, i. e., nearest the bottom of the sheet. The
heights of or levels should be given in metres to two places of decimals and
entered at every 20 metres, vertical ordinates being ruled up to connect the
figures with the ground line. These vertical lines should be in blue, except
where they occur at a change of gradient where they should be red. A model
"pattern for detailed section" is given at the end of this book.
460. The bed level and high flood
level of all rivers and streams should be shown; also the position, description
and (level to two places of decimals) of all bench-marks and position of all
masonry pillars.
461. Gradients should be entered
in a plain and conspicuous manner. At each change of gradient an ordinate
should be drawn in red up to formation level, and the height of formation noted
to two places of decimals. Where a change of gradient occurs at any point other
than at the 20 metres marks, the chainage of changing point should be noted.
462. In addition to the above
important details, such as the tangent points of all curves, the kilometrage
and chainage, the general description of the soil, the position of all bridges,
level crossings & c., and the points where roads or waterways are diverted;
should be shown.
*For a set of tracings submitted to
the Railway Board, it will suffice it heights or levels are entered at every
200 metres instead of at every 20 metres.
463. Tunnels should be drawn to
scale on the section, and the length in metres should be noted in each case.
464. A station should be
indicated by a vertical red line at each and drawn upwards from formation level
to define the limits of the station yard. The name of the station and the
length in metres of the station yard should be noted.
465. Where cross sections have
been taken, a reference to each should be given on the main section with a
vertical line indicating the position. Cross sections may be plotted to a
natural scale, both the vertical and horizontal scales being the same as the vertical
scale used for the main section 5 metres to a cm. On each cross section the
outline of the cutting or embankment should be correctly shown. For many
practical purposes it will, however, be possible to give all the information
required from cross sections by contour lines on the detailed plans.
466. Cuttings should be graded
with special reference to efficient drainge.
467. Plans and Cross Sections of
Rivers.-For all rivers requiring a provision of waterway of 110 sq. metres or
upwards plans and cross sections showing the following particulars should be
furnished, subject to the provisio that the Engineer may exercise his
discretion as to the necessity for these plans and sections in mountainous
country :-
(a) Plan.-The plan should
be drawn to a scale of 50 metres to a cm. of such portion of the river and its
affluents as may lie within a distance of about 2 km. from the proposed centre
line of the railway, measured from any point on that centre line, or such
further distance as the Engineer may consider necessary. The direction of the
current should be indicated by arrows.
(b) Cross Section.-Three
cross sections of the river bed are required, plotted to a natural scale of 5
metres to a cm. Where the width of the river in flood exceeds 1000 metres this
scale may be reduced. With a width from 500 to 1000 metres the cross section
should be plotted in two halves. The cross sections should be taken at typical
points selected at intervals of about 2 kilometres measured along the centre of
the river bed. On each cross section lines are to be drawn to indicate the
level of highest known flood, ordinary flood, and ordinary low water, with the
reduced level figured on each. On the cross section taken on the centre line of
railway an elevation of the proposed bridge should be drawn to scale in its
proper position. The chainage should be figured on the cross section. Where
borings or trial pits have been sunk, their position, with a note on results,
should also be given. The cross sections may be plotted on the same sheet as
the plan, or on separate sheets as may be found convenient in each case.
468. Plans of Station Yards. -For
stations requiring a special design, a plan of the station yard to a scale of
10 metres to a cm. is required, showing all lines, sidings, platforms,
buildings, wells, tanks, water-cranes, ash-pits, turn-tables, traversers,
weighbridges, signals, etc. within the boundary of the station yard; also any
roads, buildings, etc., lying outside the station yard but immediately adjacent
there to-The name of each work or structure should be entered against it on the
plan, with such notes and dimensions as may be necessary to define its size,
position and purpose for which intended.
469. For other stations, made
according to type designs, a plan giving similar information is required for
each different type or arrangement adopted. On each type plan should be noted
the names of the stations which are to be laid out in general accordance with
that plan, with a description of any important variations adopted at one or
more of those stations.
470. In designing the station
yards the Open Line Administration should be consulted and full provisions
should be made for extensions for future developments of traffic, but nothing
should be estimated for which is not absolutely essential for dealing with the
traffic expected in the first five years of working, everything in excess of
this being shown in dotted lines and left to be added when actually required.
471. Plans of Junction
Arrangements.--Plans of Junction stations of 10 metres to a cm. similar to the
plans prescribed in paragraph 468 for Station Yards are required, showing
clearly in full red lines the proposed works necessary to deal with the traffic
expected during the first five years of working, and in dotted red lines the
provisions made for future development of traffic.
472. Except where the new line is
of a different gauge and has entirely its own arrangements, the plans for the
junction arrangements should as a rule be prepared by the open line
administration in consultation with the Engineer.
473. Detailed Drawings of Structures,
etc.-Though many of them are not required for submission to the Railway Board
with a construction estimate, drawings of all schemes should be prepared in
order that sufficiently accurate estimates can be compiled. These drawings
should be carefully recorded for future use.
474. The drawings which are
usually required by the Railway Board are as follows :
·
Type
drawings of banks, cuttings and tunnels in cases only where the proposals
differ from the prescribed maximum and minimum dimensions.
·
Skeleton
outlined drawings to small scale of all large bridges.
1.What
should the Project Investigator be provided with by the Railway Administration?
- A) List of required materials
- B) Local labor availability
- C) Terms of Reference
- D) Environmental impact report
Answer:
C) Terms of Reference
2.
During a Reconnaissance Survey, which of the following is essential to
ascertain?
- A) Local culture and traditions
- B) Waterway required and best
sites for stations
- C) Popular tourist attractions
- D) Soil types for farming
Answer:
B) Waterway required and best sites for stations
3.
What should be investigated and recorded during the survey, especially for
large bridges?
- A) Local wildlife
- B) Foundation requirements
- C) Historical significance
- D) Aesthetic design features
Answer:
B) Foundation requirements
4.
What should be taken into account when examining the ruling gradient and degree
of curvature for the proposed line?
- A) Historical data
- B) Topography, level of
traffic, speeds, and initial cost
- C) Local community feedback
- D) Weather patterns
Answer:
B) Topography, level of traffic, speeds, and initial cost
5.
Before proceeding further with the survey, what should be obtained if a change
in the terms of reference is considered desirable?
- A) New equipment
- B) Additional funding
- C) Prior approval from the
Administration
- D) Public opinion
Answer:
C) Prior approval from the Administration
6.
What should the report submitted after the conclusion of the survey contain?
- A) A detailed weather analysis
- B) Recommendations on whether
the project should proceed based on financial prospects
- C) A historical overview of the
area
- D) Tourist potential of the
area
Answer:
B) Recommendations on whether the project should proceed based on financial prospects
7.
What forms should accompany the report for the cost of the line surveyed?
- A) Environmental impact forms
- B) Community consent forms
- C) Form E. 554 and Form E. 553
- D) Labor union agreements
Answer:
C) Form E. 554 and Form E. 553
8.
What should the estimate submitted with the report include?
- A) Detailed maps of local roads
- B) An abstract estimate and
detailed estimate of the cost of permanent-way
- C) List of potential
contractors
- D) Local population census data
Answer:
B) An abstract estimate and detailed estimate of the cost of permanent-way
9.
Which scales should the maps accompanying the report be prepared on?
- A) 50 Km to 1 cm and 5 Km to 1
cm
- B) 10 Km to 1 cm and 1 Km to 1
cm
- C) 25 Km to 1 cm and 2.5 Km to
1 cm
- D) 100 Km to 1 cm and 10 Km to
1 cm
Answer:
C) 25 Km to 1 cm and 2.5 Km to 1 cm
10.
In addition to the report, plans, and estimates, what else should be submitted
to the Railway Board? –
A)
A list of all stakeholders involved –
B)
A covering note –
C)
A detailed environmental assessment –
D)
Public feedback forms
B) A covering note.
11.
What should the Project Investigator be provided with by the Railway
Administration before starting a Preliminary Survey?
- A) Equipment list
- B) Terms of Reference
- C) Aerial photographs
- D) Budget estimates
Answer:
B) Terms of Reference
12.
What is included in the field work of a preliminary survey?
- A) Detailed architectural
drawings
- B) Compass traverse with
longitudinal and transverse levels
- C) Local cultural studies
- D) Economic impact analysis
Answer:
B) Compass traverse with longitudinal and transverse levels
13.
When suitable aerial photographs are available, what technique is used to carry
out a preliminary survey?
- A) Satellite imaging
- B) Photogrammetric techniques
- C) Drone mapping
- D) Ground-penetrating radar
Answer:
B) Photogrammetric techniques
14.
What type of survey may be done in rocky terrain during the field work?
- A) Geophysical survey
- B) Marine survey
- C) Botanical survey
- D) Climate survey
Answer:
A) Geophysical survey
15.
What should be used to mark the alignment during the preliminary survey, in
place of fully staking it out with a theodolite?
- A) Wooden stakes
- B) Temporary flags
- C) Stone pillars or other
permanent marks
- D) Electronic markers
Answer:
C) Stone pillars or other permanent marks
16.
Where should bench marks be left during the preliminary survey?
- A) Every 1 km
- B) Near water sources
- C) At intervals of about 500
meters
- D) Only at road crossings
Answer:
C) At intervals of about 500 meters
17.
What should be included in the report submitted after the conclusion of a
preliminary survey?
- A) A list of local flora and
fauna
- B) Details as prescribed for a
Techno Economic Survey
- C) Tourist attractions in the
area
- D) Community feedback
Answer:
B) Details as prescribed for a Techno Economic Survey
18.
How accurate should an estimate prepared on a Preliminary Survey be?
- A) Rough approximation
- B) Sufficiently accurate for
decision making by competent authority
- C) Exact down to the last
detail
- D) Only a general overview
Answer:
B) Sufficiently accurate for decision making by competent authority
19.
What scale should be used for the plan and section maps accompanying the report
and estimates in a preliminary survey?
- A) 1 Km to 1 cm
- B) 0.1 Km to 1 cm horizontal
and 10 meters to 1 cm vertical
- C) 5 Km to 1 cm
- D) 10 Km to 1 cm
Answer:
B) 0.1 Km to 1 cm horizontal and 10 meters to 1 cm vertical
20.
In the case of passage through hills, what should the Engineer investigate? –
A)
Local wildlife –
B)
Geological characteristics for stability of the line –
C)
Tourism potential –
D)
Cultural heritage sites
Answer: B) Geological
characteristics for stability of the line
21.
What should be done during the survey regarding soil sampling? –
A)
Only in urban areas –
B)
Random sampling at any location –
C)
Systematic soil sampling at suitable intervals and depths –
D)
No soil sampling is required
Answer: C) Systematic soil
sampling at suitable intervals and depths
22.
What should the covering note accompanying the report, plans, and estimates
include? A) Personal opinions of the
survey team –
B)
A summary of the findings and recommendations –
C)
Photographs of the survey team –
D)
Details of local festivals
Answer: B) A summary of the
findings and recommendations
23.What
is the unit of measurement for the center line in railway surveys?
- A) 25 meters
- B) 20 meters
- C) 50 meters
- D) 10 meters
Answer:
B) 20 meters
24.
How should the center line finally located be marked out?
- A) Flags
- B) Pegs at every 10 meters
- C) Pegs at every 20 meters
- D) Paint marks
Answer:
C) Pegs at every 20 meters
25.
What should be the height of the numbers branded on the 100-meter pegs?
- A) 50 mm
- B) 10 mm
- C) 15 mm
- D) 25 mm
Answer:
D) 25 mm
26.
Where should masonry pillars be built during the survey?
- A) At every 100 meters along the
center line
- B) At the tangent points of
curves and along the center line at intervals of not less than 500 meters
- C) Only at station sites
- D) At the beginning and end of
the line
Answer:
B) At the tangent points of curves and along the center line at intervals of
not less than 500 meters
27.
How should curves be defined in the survey?
- A) Only by their radius in
meters
- B) By their radius in meters
and by their "degrees of curvature" in degrees and minutes
- C) Only by the angle of
curvature
- D) By the length of the curve
Answer:
B) By their radius in meters and by their "degrees of curvature" in
degrees and minutes
28.
What is the radius of a 10-degree curve?
- A) 1500 meters
- B) 2000 meters
- C) 1750 meters
- D) 1600 meters
Answer:
C) 1750 meters
29.
What should be observed or calculated at the apex of curves?
- A) The length of the curve
- B) The apex angle formed by the
intersections of the tangent
- C) The distance between pegs
- D) The width of the curve
Answer:
B) The apex angle formed by the intersections of the tangent
30.
How should transition curves be used in the alignment?
- A) To change the width of the
track
- B) To transition between
different gradients
- C) To effect changes of
curvature at the junction of a straight line with a curve or in the middle
of a compound curve
- D) To indicate the start and
end of a curve
Answer:
C) To effect changes of curvature at the junction of a straight line with a
curve or in the middle of a compound curve
31.
What should be the interval for leaving bench marks along the line?
- A) 500 meters
- B) 1 kilometer
- C) 2 kilometers
- D) 100 meters
Answer:
B) 1 kilometer
32.
What is the datum for all levels in the survey? –
A)
Local ground level –
B)
Highest point on the line –
C)
Mean Sea Level as adopted for the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India –
D)
Lowest point on the line
Answer: C) Mean Sea Level
as adopted for the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India
33.
What should the compass bearing of each tangent be taken for in level country? –
A)
At the beginning and end of the line only –
B)
At every station –
C)
At every curve –
D)
At every junction
Answer: C) At every curve
34.
What should the Index Plan and Section include? –
A)
Local weather data –
B)
A list of flora and fauna in the area –
C)
All towns, roads, canals, rivers, hills, boundaries of States and districts
within a distance of 10 kilometers on each side of the railway –
D)
Detailed financial estimates
Answer: C) All towns,
roads, canals, rivers, hills, boundaries of States and districts within a
distance of 10 kilometers on each side of the railway
35.
What should be shown on the Index Section? –
A)
Only the starting and ending points of the line –
B)
Formation level, gradients, important bridges, level crossings, and stations –
C)
Economic impact data –
D)
Wildlife crossing points
Answer: B) Formation level,
gradients, important bridges, level crossings, and stations
36.
What scale should the Detailed Plans and Sections be drawn to? –
A)
100 meters to a cm horizontal, and 10 meters to a cm vertical –
B)
50 meters to a cm horizontal, and 5 meters to a cm vertical –
C)
25 meters to a cm horizontal, and 5 meters to a cm vertical –
D)
10 meters to a cm horizontal, and 2 meters to a cm vertical
Answer: B) 50 meters to a
cm horizontal, and 5 meters to a cm vertical
37.
What should be noted on each sheet of the plans and sections? –
A)
Local legends and stories –
B)
A reference number or letter, the name of the Railway or section of railway,
the gauge, and the scale –
C)
Tourist attractions –
D)
Weather patterns
Answer: B) A reference
number or letter, the name of the Railway or section of railway, the gauge, and
the scale
38.
What should be shown on the plan regarding the center line of the proposed
line? –
A)
A blue dashed line –
B)
A full red line 0.8 mm in thickness –
C)
A green dotted line –
D)
No specific indication is required
Answer: B) A full red line
0.8 mm in thickness
39.
What should be indicated on the plan for a junction with an existing railway? –
A)
Only the new line –
B)
The existing line for not less than one kilometer on each side of the proposed
junction –
C)
The history of the existing railway –
D)
The climate data of the region
Answer: B) The existing
line for not less than one kilometer on each side of the proposed junction
40.What color line represents the formation
level on the section plans?
- A) Blue
- B) Red
- C) Black
- D) Green
Answer:
B) Red
41. How often should the heights or levels be
given in the section plans?
- A) Every 10 metres
- B) Every 20 metres
- C) Every 50 metres
- D) Every 100 metres
Answer:
B) Every 20 metres
42. What should be the color of the vertical
ordinates connecting the ground line with the figures?
- A) Blue, except where they
occur at a change of gradient
- B) Red, except where they occur
at a change of gradient
- C) Blue
- D) Red
Answer:
A) Blue, except where they occur at a change of gradient
43. What should be shown on the section plans
in addition to the formation and ground levels?
- A) The position and description
of bench-marks
- B) The high flood level of
rivers
- C) The position of masonry
pillars
- D) All of the above
Answer:
D) All of the above
44. What does the red line represent at each
station on the section plans?
- A) The station boundary
- B) The station name
- C) The station yard limits
- D) The track alignment
Answer:
C) The station yard limits
45. At what intervals should cross sections
of rivers be taken?
- A) Every 1 kilometre
- B) Every 2 kilometres
- C) Every 500 metres
- D) Every 5 kilometres
Answer:
B) Every 2 kilometres
46. What is the required scale for plans of
station yards that need a special design?
- A) 5 metres to a cm
- B) 10 metres to a cm
- C) 20 metres to a cm
- D) 50 metres to a cm
Answer:
B) 10 metres to a cm
47. What should be shown on the plans of
junction arrangements in addition to the proposed works for the first five
years?
- A) Dotted red lines indicating
future development provisions
- B) Blue lines indicating
current traffic levels
- C) Green lines indicating
environmental features
- D) Yellow lines indicating
proposed expansions
Answer:
A) Dotted red lines indicating future development provisions
48. Who should prepare the plans for junction
arrangements, except where the new line has a different gauge and its own
arrangements?
- A) The Railway Board alone
- B) The Engineer alone
- C) The open line administration
in consultation with the Engineer
- D) The station master
Answer:
C) The open line administration in consultation with the Engineer
49. What type of drawings are usually
required by the Railway Board for construction estimates?
A) Artistic drawings
B) Type drawings of banks, cuttings, and
tunnels where proposals differ from
prescribed dimensions
C) Landscape drawings
D) Schematic drawings only
Answer: B) Type drawings of
banks, cuttings, and tunnels where proposals differ from prescribed dimensions
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