Indian Railway Codes and Manuals-Engineering code-Chapter- 6 (VI)
CHAPTER VI
INVESTMENT
PLANNING AND WORKS BUDGET
Investment Planning and Works Programme Section
General:
601. Investment decisions relating to the creation, acquisition and
replacement of assets on the Railways are processed through the annual
"Work, Machinery and Rolling Stock Programme". Instructions regarding
the preparation of the Machinery and Rolling Stock Programme are contained in
Chapter XV of the Indian Railway Code of Mechanical Department (Work shops). On
the basis of the estimate of the Plan funds requirement for the ensuing year,
the Railway Board lay down the financial limits (see para 609) under various
plan heads (refer to Appendix I) within which the Railway Administrations are
required to make out their programme for the following years duly vetted by the
Financial Advisor and Chief Accounts Officer for submission to the Railway
Board by a specified date. The programmes are examined by the Railway Board and
discussed, where necessary, with the General Managers and the works to be
undertaken as well as the outlays during the Budget year are decided upon.
602. The various stages of investment planning and preparation of
the Final Works Programme are given below :
- (i)
Formulation of schemes as a part of advance planning;
- (ii)
Submission of major schemes for advance scrutiny and clearance by the
Railway Board for selection of Projects to be taken up in the following
year.
- (iii)
Preparation of the Preliminary Works Programme within the financial
ceiling laid down by the Railway Board ; and
- (iv)
Discussions with the Railway Board and submission of the Final Works
Programme.
The investment planning process through the
above stages is dealt with in the following paragraphs :-
Advance Planning:
603. The preparation of the annual Works Programme of a Railway
is not an isolated exercise for the year, but is part of a continuous planning
process from the level of the Divisional Officer upwards. Investment proposals
emanating from the Division would be those which are intended to effect
improvement in operation or remove bottlenecks etc., within the Division
itself. Major investment proposals which benefit a Zonal Railway System or the
Indian Railway as whole should be co-ordinated and planned at the level of the
Railway Headquarters or the Railway Board, where necessary.
604. An important requirement for effective investment planning is the
realistic estimation of project costs. Full details of the scheme must be
worked out and no scheme should be included in the Railway's Works Programme
unless detailed plans and estimates have been prepared and are ready. Detailed
Traffic and Engineering surveys should be carried out for new lines, gauge
conversions doublings and for other line capacity works costing more than
Rupees Five Crores each. In the case of yard remodellings, line capacity works
i. e., goods shed facilities and important buildings the estimates should be based
on plans approved and signed by the concerned departments who should scrutinize
the plans carefully to avoid the need for making any substantial modifications
in the required facility at a subsequent stage.
If major changes in the plans/schemes/specifications
of works nevertheless become necessary and are likely to lead to substantial
excesses over the sanctioned estimates the changes asked for by the concerned
departments should not be agreed to unless reviewed and approved by the
competent authority sanctioning the original estimate. In regard to proposals
for new marshalling yards goods terminals, and tranship yards etc., work study
teams should go into the actual working before formulating schemes for the
additional facilities required.
605. It is an essential feature of the railway system as a
commercial undertaking that expenditure, other than that wholly chargeable to
ordinary Revenue, incurred on new assets or for improvement of existing assets
should be financially justified before it is incurred. Detailed instructions
regarding the financial appraisal of Railway projects are contained in Chapter
II of the Indian Railway Financial Code to which reference may be made. The
cases where no financial justification need be given are contained in para 202
of the Indian Railway Financial Code. Detailed financial implications
(including financial return) should be worked out in all cases including works
financed from Development Fund, Accident Compensation, Safety and Passenger
Amenities Fund or Open Line Works Revenue (see para 626). If the prescribed
return is found to be not obtainable on the anticipated level of traffic, the
Railway Administration should examine whether the proposal cannot be reduced in
scop, or given up in favour of some other alternative, or postponed until
traffic prospects improve.
606. When a number of works have to be carried out to achieve a
common objective, the financial implications or justification should be worked
out for the entire scheme as a whole. In case where the wider schemes covers
two railway, a joint estimate of cost should be prepared for the Railway
Board's consideration. The Railway in which the major portion of the work falls
should obtain figures from the contiguous Railway for submitting joint figures
of cost and financial implication to the Railway Board.
Scrutiny of Schemes before preparation of
Preliminary Works Programme:
607. All schemes costing Rs. 20 lakhs or above should be worked out
comprehensively and sent to the Board along with full details of (i) the
technical features, (ii) Cost break-up. (iii) benefit expected to accrue and
(iv) financial implications. A sketch map of each proposal should also be sent.
The Railway Administration must clearly bring out the purpose of each scheme
and confirm that the proposal meets the objective fully and that the scope and
cost of the project have been arrived at after the fullest possible
investigation including assessment of the financial implications. After the
schemes have been scrutinized by the Board, the Railway Administrations should
be advised of the acceptance, with or without any modifications for inclusion
in the Works programme.
608. Track renewal proposals costing Rs. 20 lakhs and above are
initially scrutinised by the Board, keeping in view the availability of
permanent way materials, progress of the works already sanctioned and other
technical factors. For this purpose the Railway Administrations should send all
track renewal proposals costing Rs. 20 lakhs and above together with technical
data like traffic density, age, conditions of track components etc., in the
form prescribed by the Board to reach the Boards office by the stipulate date.
After the proposals are screened by the Board, guidelines are issued to the
Railway Administrations to reframe their proposals for inclusion in the Works
Programme.
Preparation of the Preliminary Works
Programme:
609. The Chief Engineer of the Railway will be primarily
responsible for ensuring that the proposals prepared by the various departments
are complete in all respects and are correctly prepared. The overall priorities
within the ceilings given by the Board will also be fixed by him in
consultation with the General Manager and other Heads of Departments. He will
be responsible for the preparation and timely submission of the Preliminary and
the Final Works Programme.
610. In or about June/July each year the Railway Board should
convey to each Railway, in respect of each Plan Head, the total outlay within
which the Works Programme should be framed by the Railway. A list of the Plan
Heads is given in Annexure I. On receipt of this financial ceiling the Railway
administrations should take stock of the schemes already formulated and those
under consideration and select for inclusion in the Works programme within the
financial ceiling such works as are expected to yield the maximum benefit to
the Railway, preference being given to works in progress. Further necessary
changes in the investment schedule may be made in order to work within the
financial ceiling for the year such modifications being taken note of in
framing the preliminary Works Programme and revising the financial
implications, if necessary.
611. The Preliminary Works Programme for the following year
should be submitted by the Railways to the Railway Board by 1st week of
September or such earlier date as may be laid down by the Board. Proper
financial appraisal of each work should be given in the Preliminary Works
Programme together with the comments of the Financial adviser and Chief
Accounts Officer.
612. The project cost should be based on firm data both as to
quantity and rates at current price levels, and should any increase occur in
prices during the period intervening between the initial preparation of the
project estimate and its inclusion in the works Programme, the estimate should
be updated taking into account any significant changes in the wages and
material prices as well as increase in freights and fares. No other increase
such as on account of change in scope of the project should be allowed without
prior reasons being adduced for acceptance by the Railway Board. A sketch
showing the proposal should accompany each proposal.
613. Each investment proposal should be accompanied by a detailed
plan showing the scheduling of the project to match the traffic requirements
and the financial outlay proposed for the year should be in accordance with
this project schedule to enable the Railway Board to arrange for a realistic
funds allocation for implementation of the programme.
614. In deciding the outlays for the various works Railway
Administrations must endeavour to progress all works in progress speedily and
bring them into use at the earliest possible date. A work which has been
sanctioned and for which funds have been allotted whether in the original or
supplementary budget of a year should be treated as a "work in
progress" for the next year and provided for as such in the programme. Such
works should be grouped as indicated in para 619.
615. The Railway Administrations should make a realistic
assessment of the amount required for each work in progress and necessary
provision should be made for it in the Works Programme. In estimating the
provision for works during the budget year a generous allowance should be made
for those delays in execution which though unforseen are known from experience
to be so liable to arise particularly prior to inception and during the initial
stages of large projects. The provision made should take into account
adjustment of charges on surveys connected with a project.
616. In exhibiting the outlay for the current year against
individual works in the works programme, the outlay should be as per Pink Book,
and in exceptional cases where the Railways propose any substantial increase in
the outlay with corresponding reductions against other works, such revised
outlay may be shown separately in brackets below the outlay as furnished in the
Pink Book duly explaining the reasons for doing so in footnotes at the
appropriate places. As far as possible only the last sanctioned costs should be
exhibited. Wherever it is visualised that the cost would involve an excess over
the last sanctioned cost, effective steps should be taken well in time to have
the revised estimate prepared and sanctioned by the competent authority before
the Works Programme is sent to the Board. In case where the revised estimates
are sanctioned subsequent to the despatch of the final Works Programme but
before the end of January of the following years the same should be promptly
advise to the Board to enable to the latest sanctioned cost being exhibited in
the Pink Book to be circulated alongwith the Budget. In all case of revised
costs sanctioned by the Board, reference to the letter of sanction should
invariably be indicated.
617. Works once introduced through a Works Programme (including Track
Renewal Programme) and taken up after the estimates have been sanctioned by the
competent authority should continue to be included every year till they are
finally completed, except in case where the works have reached the completion
stage and where funds required if meagre could be found by reappropriation.
618. The Works Programme is compiled in the following format :-
Note :--Years have been shown in the form for
the purpose of illustration.
In respect of "Works in Progress"
reference to item No. of the current year’s Pink Book and also the authority
under which the work was first started should be indicated. The works should be
arranged as per the Plan Heads.
619. The items in the Works Programme should be grouped under the
following categories while compiling the Works Programmes :--
- (i)
New Works.
- (ii)
Works in Progress.
- (iii)
Works approved in earlier years, which have not been actually commenced
and on which no expenditure has been incurred till 30th June of the year
previous to the Programme year.
- (iv)
Works approved in the earlier years but estimates for which have not been
sanctioned by 30th June of the year previous to the Programme year.
620. The works are further made into sub-groups of (i) Works
costing more than Rupees Five Lakhs each and (ii) Works costing upto Rupees
Five lakhs each. Under (ii) works costing upto Rupees two lakhs each in the case
of Track Renewal works and for works costing upto Rupees one lakh each in the
case of other works only lumpsum provision should be shown without detailing
individual works. Within each sub-group, the works are presented under each
Plan Head.
621. A map showing the Railway System and indicating the new
lines, doublings, major yard remodellings, important line capacity and
signalling works which are in progress as well as proposed should be attached
to the Works Programme. An alphabetical index of works and various managerial
information regarding critical materials, expenditure position relating to
passengers and railways users amenities etc. which will be prescribed by
Railway Board should be included.
622. Integrated Budget.-The Annual Budget of Railways consists of
assessment of earnings and expenditure forming part of Revenu Budget, and that
relating to the investment decisions taken through the Works Machinery and
Rolling Stock Programmes. In order to co-relate the decisions relating to all
these aspects, a consolidated budget called integrated Budget including Revenue
Budget, Works Programme and the Machinery and Rolling Stock Programmes should
be submitted by the Railways alongwith the preliminary Works Programme. The
Integrated Budget will include the projections of traffic and earnings, works
working expenses, the estimated financial results for the ensuing year, and the
operating ratio in the proforma specified by the Railway Board. The Railways
should also furnish the details of Rolling Stock required on replacement
account and addition account, duly co-relating it to the anticipated increase
in traffic. In the covering note to the Intergrated Budget the Railways should
bring out the effect of the budget proposals on the efficiency of operations as
indicated by the operating ratio and the financial viability of the system as
reveraled by the financial returns on cpaital investment. After discussion of
the Preliminary Works Programme, a revised Integrated Budget should be
submitted along with the Final works Programme duly taking into account the
changes that might have taken place in the meanitime. The Integrated annual
budget may be prepared under the personal guidance of the General Manager and
with the assistance of Financial Adviser and Chief Accounts Officer.
Final Works Programme:
623. After having examined the individual Railways Programme, and
discussions with the General Managers, the Railway Board will decide the works
which should be undertaken during the following year and which should be included
in the Final Works Programme. The Railway Administration gives will then modify
their Works Programmes as a result of the Board's decision and send their Final
Works Programme to the Railway Board by the stipulated date.
Section II-Works Budget
624. Works Budget.--The revised and budget estimets for the
construction, acquisition and replacement of assets are briefly known as Works
Budget. The revised estimate gives an estimate of funds required for the
current year and the budget estimate referes to the following year. For a
detailed study of the Railway Budget, Chapter III of the Indian Railway
Financial Code should be refered to. The budget estimate for the works are
based on the Works Programme approved by the Board. The requirement of funds
both for new investments and for works in progress are submitted in the form of
"Demand for Grants" in the Works Machinery and Rollings Stock
Programme which forms a part of the Budget papers presented to the Parliament.
While compiling the Works Machinery and Rolling Stock Programme for
presentation in the Parliament only works costing Rupees five lakhs and above
are itemised.
Demand for Works Grants:
625. The proposal of Government in respect of sums required to
meet the expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India are to be submitted in
the form of Demands for Grants to the Parilament. The Demand shall be for gross
expenditure, the credits or recoveries (refer to para 335 of Indian Railway
Financial Code) being shown in the form of footnotes to Demands.
The Demand for Grants for the Works Budget is :
Demand No. 16 : Assets-Acquisitions, Construction and
Replacements.
Financing of Works Budget:
626. Works chargeable to Demand No 16.Assets-Acquisitions Construction and
Replacements are financed from railway revenue when it is charged to OLWR or
financed from Capital. Depreciation Reserve Fund, Development Fund, Accident
Compensation Safety and Passenger Amenities Fund. Expenditure budgetted under
"capital" involves increase in the Capital-at-charge of the Railways
and hence is the liability for payment of dividend to General Revenue subject
to the relief/exemptions granted by the Convention Committee. "Works
expenditure" of the Railway is thus financed from Revenue, Railway Funds
and Capital provided by the General Revenues. The Railway Funds are
Depreciation Reserve Fund, Development Fund and Accident Compensation Safety
and Passenger Amenities Fund. For Details regarding the operation of the funds,
reference may be made to Chapter. III of the Indian Railway Financial Code. In
the event of the railways revenue surplus not being adequate to fully meet the
requirements of Development Fund Expenditure, the budgetary support from the
General Revenues would also include temporary loans to finance expenditure from
the Development Fund. The expenditure under works Budget of the Railways is,
therefore, determined by the resource allocation under various Plan Heads.
627. Credits or Recoveries. There are certain credits or
recoveries which are excluded from the scope of the Demands presented for vote
of Parliament, (refer to para 335 of Indian Railway Financial Code for
details). Though these credits or recoveries are outside the scope of the
Grants, they are booked in accounts as reduction of expenditure, e.g. credit
for released materials. A list of credits or recoveries which should be
excluded from the scope of the Demand should be sent in Form 335F along with the
revised estimates of the current year and budget estimates of the ensuing year
under each Demand.
628. Distribution of Funds by the Railway Board. The Grants as voted by the Parliament and
the appropriations for charged expenditure (for details of `voted' and'
charged' expenditure reference may be made to paras 302 and 303 of the Indian
Railway Financial Code) as sanctioned by the President are distributed by the
Railway Board among the Railway Administrations and other authorities,
subordinate to them as soon as possible after the Budget is sanctioned. The
sums so distributed are called "Allotments" and the orders by means
of which the allotments are made are called "Budget Orders". The
allotments made out of funds voted by the Parliament are shown as "Voted"
and those fixed by the President are shown as "Charged".
629. The Budget Orders are accompanied by the final issues of
"Demands of Grants" and "Works Machinery and Rolling Stock
Programmes", containing the detailed distribution of the Budget allotment
made to railway administrations for working expenses and Capital, Depreciation
Fund, Development Fund, Open Line Works (Revenue) and Accident Compensation,
Safety and Passenger Amenities Fund expenditure. The Budget allotment made to
railway administration is intended to cover all charges including the
liabilities for past years to be paid during the year or to be adjusted in the
accounts for it. It shall be operative until the close of the financial year.
Any unspent balance shall lapse and shall not be available for utilisation in
the following year.
630. In the event of the Budget Orders of the Railway Board not
being received before the commencement of the financial year, the railway
administrations are empowered to incur expenditure pending the receipt of the
Budget Order on works which were in progress at the end of the previous
financial year. All expenditure incurred under this must be treated as a charge
against the allotments eventually made for such works.
631. When the Budget Orders issued by the Railway Board show any
reduction in the estimate originally submitted to them, prompt measures should
be taken by the railway administrations to limit the expenditure to the amounts
allotted and distributed by the Railway Board.
General Rules on Budget:
632. The general rules on Railway Budget are contained in Chapter III
of the Indian Railway Financial Code to which reference may be made.
633. Planning for Surveys. As surveys for the initial step of
investment planning, the programme of surveys requires to be planned in advance
and reviewed along with the investment decisions being taken in the annual
Works Programme meeting being held in Railway Board Office. A separate
statement indicating the surveys in progress and the new surveys proposed to be
undertaken should be prepared and included in the Railway Works Programme being
submitted to the Railway Board. The need for each survey should be clearly
stated bringing out inter alia whether the same survey was proposed earlier and
if so with what results.
634. The cost of surveys or preliminary investigations to examine
the feasibility and prospects of new line constructions and other projects is
charged to Demand No. 2 which is a Revenue Demand. All surveys costing more
than Rs. 1 lakh require prior approval of Parliament. If the construction of a
project is undertaken, the expenditure on the Survey is transferred to Capital
or other appropriate heads by Credits to Revenue, irrespective of the year in
which the expenditure was originally incurred. The charges on surveys are
mostly made up of the pay and allowances of staff, cost of transport, cost of
mathematical and other instruments and camp and office equipage. The allowance
for depreciation on materials likely to be left over on completion of the
surveys should be made on a scale justified by past experience. The Budget
estimate of surveys should provide for any adjustments necessary under the
rules in respect of surveys pertaining to a project the construction of which
has been or is to be taken in hand. The revised estimates of surveys for a year
and the budget estimates for the ensuing year based on the decisions arrived at
in the Works Programme meeting should be prepared in respect of each survey in
the following form and submitted in duplicate so as to reach the Railway Board
not later than 1st December of the year to which the ""revised
estimates" relate.
Multiple choice questions:
1.What is the primary document for
processing investment decisions related to the creation, acquisition, and
replacement of assets on the Railways?
- A. The Railway Budget
- B. The Annual Report
- C. The Work, Machinery, and Rolling Stock Programme
- D. The Railway Audit Report
Answer: C. The Work, Machinery, and
Rolling Stock Programme
2.Where are the instructions
regarding the preparation of the Machinery and Rolling Stock Programme
contained?
- A. Indian Railway Financial Code
- B. Indian Railway Code for Mechanical Department
(Workshops)
- C. Indian Railway Commercial Manual
- D. Indian Railway Establishment Code
Answer: B. Indian Railway Code for
Mechanical Department (Workshops)
3.Who lays down the financial limits
under various plan heads for the Railway Administrations?
- A. The General Manager
- B. The Railway Minister
- C. The Railway Board
- D. The Financial Advisor and Chief Accounts Officer
Answer: C. The Railway Board
4.Which of the following is NOT a
stage in investment planning and preparation of the Final Works Programme?
- A. Formulation of schemes as a part of advance planning
- B. Submission of schemes directly to the General
Manager
- C. Preparation of the Preliminary Works Programme
within the financial ceiling
- D. Discussions with the Railway Board and submission of
the Final Works Programme
Answer: B. Submission of schemes
directly to the General Manager
5.Investment proposals that benefit
the entire Indian Railway system should be coordinated at which level?
- A. Divisional Officer
- B. Railway Headquarters
- C. General Manager
- D. Zonal Office
Answer: B. Railway Headquarters
6.For which type of works costing
more than Rupees Five Crores must detailed Traffic and Engineering surveys be
carried out?
- A. Gauge conversions
- B. Doublings
- C. New lines
- D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
7.What is an essential feature of
the railway system as a commercial undertaking?
- A. Investment proposals do not need financial
justification.
- B. Expenditure must be financially justified before it
is incurred.
- C. Investments are made only based on the General
Manager’s approval.
- D. Financial implications are considered only for major
projects.
Answer: B. Expenditure must be
financially justified before it is incurred.
8.What should be included with all
schemes costing Rs. 20 lakhs or above when sent to the Railway Board?
- A. Only a brief description of the project
- B. Detailed financial appraisal without technical
details
- C. Full details including technical features, cost
break-up, and financial implications
- D. Approval from the General Manager
Answer: C. Full details including
technical features, cost break-up, and financial implications
9.Who is primarily responsible for
ensuring that the proposals prepared by the various departments are complete
and correctly prepared?
- A. Financial Advisor and Chief Accounts Officer
- B. General Manager
- C. Chief Engineer
- D. Railway Board
Answer: C. Chief Engineer
10.By which date should the
Preliminary Works Programme for the following year be submitted to the Railway
Board?
- A. 1st week of January
- B. 1st week of April
- C. 1st week of September
- D. 1st week of December
Answer: C. 1st week of September
11.When a number of works have to be
carried out to achieve a common objective, how should the financial
implications be worked out?
- A. For each work separately
- B. For the entire scheme as a whole
- C. Only for the major works
- D. Only for the minor works
Answer: B. For the entire scheme as
a whole
12.What should be done if major
changes in the plans/schemes/specifications of works lead to substantial
excesses over the sanctioned estimates?
- A. Proceed with the changes without review
- B. Review and approve the changes by the competent
authority
- C. Cancel the project
- D. Only notify the Railway Board
Answer: B. Review and approve the
changes by the competent authority
13.In estimating the provision for
works during the budget year, what should be taken into account?
- A. Only the initial project cost
- B. Possible delays in execution
- C. Only the material costs
- D. Only the labour costs
Answer: B. Possible delays in
execution
14.What is the responsibility of the
Railway Administrations regarding works in progress?
- A. To stop the work until further notice
- B. To progress all works speedily and bring them into
use at the earliest possible date
- C. To reduce the budget for these works
- D. To delegate the work to external contractors
Answer: B. To progress all works
speedily and bring them into use at the earliest possible date
15.How should works costing up to
Rupees Five Lakhs each be presented in the Works Programme?
- A. As individual detailed projects
- B. Only as lump sum provisions without detailing
individual works
- C. As high-priority projects
- D. Only in the final report
Answer: B. Only as lump sum
provisions without detailing individual works
16.What must accompany each
investment proposal in the Works Programme?
- A. A financial report
- B. A traffic report
- C. A detailed plan and sketch
- D. An approval letter from the General Manager
Answer: C. A detailed plan and
sketch
17.In what format is the Works Programme
compiled?
- A. Alphabetical order
- B. Chronological order
- C. As per Plan Heads
- D. Random order
Answer: C. As per Plan Heads
18.What must be included in the
Works Programme to provide a comprehensive view of the Railway System?
- A. A detailed budget report
- B. A map showing the Railway System with proposed and
in-progress works
- C. A list of all Railway employees
- D. A summary of all past projects
Answer: B. A map showing the Railway
System with proposed and in-progress works
19.When should the revised estimates
be prepared and sanctioned to avoid delays?
- A. Before the final Works Programme is sent to the
Board
- B. After the project is completed
- C. At any convenient time
- D. Only if requested by the Railway Board
Answer: A. Before the final Works
Programme is sent to the Board
20.How should works once introduced
through a Works Programme and taken up after estimates have been sanctioned be
treated?
- A. As new works
- B. As completed works
- C. They should continue to be included every year till
they are finally completed
- D. As cancelled works
Answer: C. They should continue to
be included every year till they are finally completed
21.What
does the annual budget of Railways include?
- A) Revenue Budget
- B) Works Programme
- C) Machinery and Rolling Stock Programmes
- D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
22.Who
is responsible for preparing the Integrated Budget for the Railways?
- A) Financial Advisor
- B) Chief Accounts Officer
- C) General Manager
- D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
23.What
is included in the Final Works Programme?
- A) Only new projects
- B) Both new and ongoing projects
- C) Only ongoing projects
- D) Preliminary works
Answer: B) Both new and ongoing projects
24.What
forms the basis of the budget estimate for works?
- A) Preliminary Works Programme
- B) Final Works Programme
- C) Railway Board’s approval
- D) Demand for Grants
Answer: B) Final Works Programme
25.Which
Demand for Grants is associated with the Works Budget?
- A) Demand No. 16
- B) Demand No. 14
- C) Demand No. 18
- D) Demand No. 20
Answer: A) Demand No. 16
26.Which
fund is NOT used to finance the Works Budget of the Railways?
- A) Depreciation Reserve Fund
- B) Development Fund
- C) Contingency Fund
- D) Accident Compensation Safety and Passenger
Amenities Fund
Answer: C) Contingency Fund
27.How
are credits or recoveries treated in the Railway Budget?
- A) Included in the gross expenditure
- B) Excluded from the scope of Demands presented for
vote
- C) Not mentioned in the budget
- D) Added to the revenue
Answer: B) Excluded from the scope of Demands presented for vote
28.What
happens to unspent budget allocations at the end of the financial year?
- A) Carried over to the next year
- B) Lapses and cannot be utilized
- C) Returned to the Railway Board
- D) Distributed among other projects
Answer: B) Lapses and cannot be utilized
29.What
should be included in the Railway Works Programme regarding surveys?
- A) Only new surveys
- B) Surveys in progress and new surveys proposed
- C) Completed surveys
- D) Financial results of surveys
Answer: B) Surveys in progress and new surveys proposed
30.Where
are the costs for surveys or preliminary investigations charged?
- A) Demand No. 16
- B) Demand No. 2
- C) Development Fund
- D) Depreciation Reserve Fund
Answer: B) Demand No. 2
31.Who
approves surveys costing more than Rs. 1 lakh?
- A) Railway Board
- B) Financial Advisor
- C) Parliament
- D) General Manager
Answer: C) Parliament
32.What
is a key aspect of preparing budget estimates for surveys?
- A) Including the cost of new projects
- B) Providing for adjustments necessary under rules
- C) Excluding pay and allowances of staff
- D) Ignoring past experiences
Answer: B) Providing for adjustments necessary under rules
33.What
must accompany the budget estimates for each survey?
- A) A detailed project report
- B) A form specified by the Railway Board
- C) Financial audit report
- D) A map of the Railway System
Answer: B) A form specified by the Railway Board
34.Who
issues the Budget Orders for the Railway Administrations?
- A) Parliament
- B) General Manager
- C) Railway Board
- D) Financial Advisor
Answer: C) Railway Board
35.What
should be done if Budget Orders are not received before the commencement of the
financial year?
- A) Halt all expenditures
- B) Incur expenditure on works in progress
- C) Return funds to the Railway Board
- D) Start new projects
Answer: B) Incur expenditure on works in progress.
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